Emotional Support Animals (ESAs) provide comfort, grounding, and stability to their owners. But when it comes to air travel, the rules have changed in recent years — and many ESA owners are left wondering what’s still possible.
ESAs and the DOT Rule Change
In 2021, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) issued new regulations that reshaped how airlines handle ESAs. Under this update to theAir Carrier Access Act, emotional support animals are no longer guaranteed in-flight access. Only trained service animals are protected under federal law.
This means that on most U.S. airlines, your ESA will be treated like a regular pet, subject to carrier fees and restrictions.
Airline Policies Today
Since the DOT handed the decision back to the airlines, policies now vary:
Major U.S. airlines (like American, Delta, and United) no longer make exceptions for ESAs — they must fly as pets.
Some international carriers still allow ESAs in cabin with proper documentation. Requirements typically include a recent ESA letter and advance notice before travel.
If you’re planning to travel, it’s always best to check your airline’s official policy page before booking.
Flying vs. Housing Protections
It’s important to understand the difference between travel law and housing law for ESAs:
Flights: No federal protection — ESAs are treated like pets unless an airline voluntarily accepts them.
Housing: ESAs are still fully protected under the Fair Housing Act. With a valid ESA letter, landlords must provide accommodations, even in “no pet” housing.
So while flying has become more complicated, your housing rights remain strong.
Preparing to Fly With Your ESA
If your chosen airline accepts ESAs (or if you’re flying internationally), here’s what you’ll need:
A valid ESA letter, issued by a licensed mental health professional within the past year.
Advance coordination with your airline — most require at least 48–72 hours’ notice.
Flexibility: If your airline doesn’t accept ESAs, be prepared to follow pet travel rules, including carrier sizing and fees.
Quick Comparison
AspectESA & Air TravelESA & HousingLegal ProtectionNone under U.S. law (since 2021 DOT rule)Protected under the Fair Housing ActAirline PoliciesAirline discretion; mostly petsLandlords must accommodate with ESA letterDocumentationESA letter may help on some carriersESA letter is requiredCosts/FeesLikely pet fees applyNo fees or breed restrictions allowed
